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Following a presentation by the European Commission and an exchange of views, the Council of the European Union announced inter alia that it noted the specific importance of these matters linked to the content of the new audio-visual services as well as the complementarity between this Green Paper and the Commission communication on `illegal and harmful content on the Internet' (see also IRIS 1996-10: 4).

The French Senate regularly publishes working documents. Among these publications, there is a series of documents which compares the legislation of different States in different subject areas. Recently, a document was published comparing the legislation of different States regarding regulatory authorities in the media sector and of programme standards. The States covered are Germany, Spain, Italy, The Netherlands and the UK. A separate section refers briefly to those provisions in the `Television without Frontiers' Directive that relate to the protection of minors.

The Romanian Law on audio-visual of 20 May 1992 (No 48/1992) gives authority to the National Audio-visual Council (NAC), to formulate binding rules that implement certain provisions of the Act, for example, in the field of advertising. On 30 January 1997, the NAC issued a Decision concerning measures for the protection of mionors. This Decision prohibits televised broadcasting of programmes which may affect the physical, moral or mental development of minors due to their vicious or extremely violent nature (Art. 1). The same decision restricts the broadcasting of erotic, pornographic or extremely...

In its decision of May 20, 1996 (Case No. B 1442/95), the Göta Appeal Court ( Göta hovraett ) in Jönköping, Sweden, ruled on inter alia the interpretation of the term "child" ( barn ), "sexual violence or coercion" ( sexuellt vaeld eller tvaeng ) and "circulation" ( spridning ) in the context of the child pornography offence ( barnpornografibrott ) and the offence of unlawful depiction of violence ( olaga vaeldsskildring ), laid down in Chapter 16, 10a and 10b, respectively, of the Swedish Penal Code (BrB). The Court's decision was not appealed to the Swedish Supreme Court ( Högsta domstolen )....

On 19 December 1996, the U.S. audio-visual industry announced plans to rate television programmes according to six categories. The action came as a result of the "V-chip" requirement in the Telecommunications Act of 1996 ("Act") which essentially provided the audio-visual industry with a choice between adopting their own standards or having the Federal Communications Commission ("Commission") form a committee to do so. Not surprisingly, the industry chose self-regulation. The six categories developed by the industry are: (i) TV-Y (suitable for all children); (ii) TV-Y7 (suitable for children seven...