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The most important legal provision in Spanish Broadcasting Law as far as content regulation is concerned is Law 25/1994, on the implementation of the "Television Without Frontiers" Directive. The Law 25/1994 was amended in June 1999 by Law 22/1999, which incorporated into Spanish Law the new "Television Without Frontiers" Directive (EC Directive 97/36/EC). Now, Spanish Law 25/1994 (as amended by Law 22/1999; see IRIS 1999-7: 10) has been developed by a Regulation approved by the Government. This Regulation, which only applies to national broadcasters, deals with several matters: - The right of...

The Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic submitted to the Government of the Czech Republic a proposal for a new Broadcasting Act (Zákon o provozování rozhlasového a telvizního vysílání a prevzatého vysílání). The proposal is intended to implement the revised «Television without Frontiers» Directive and the European Convention on Transfrontier Television (as amended by the Protocol of 1998) into Czech Law. In its introductory provisions the Act contains some definitions, many of which correspond to the definitions of the Directive. In addition, the Act sets out criteria to determine in which...

On 1 September 1999 the European Commission presented an amended proposal aiming at establishing a coherent legal framework for the development of electronic commerce within the single market. The first proposal of the Directive dates back to 18 November 1998 (see IRIS 1999-1: 3). The main reason behind the proposal is the need to provide solid guarantees for services in the information society in order to benefit fully from the freedom of movement of services and the freedom of establishment within the EU. The proposed directive embraces the fields of commercial communications, electronic contracts,...

The Nordic countries have enacted legal rules and other regulatory texts concerning advertising in broadcasting which are broadly similar. All five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) have also largely implemented the recommendations on "Joint rules for television advertising", adopted by the Nordic Council of Ministers in 1991, according to a recent report from the Nordic Council of Ministers. All Nordic countries subscribe to the principle that advertising must be clearly identifiable as such. They have all enacted legislation making ethical demands on advertisers,...

The Spanish Parliament has approved an Act amending the provisions of the 1995 Spanish Criminal Code that regulate sex-related crimes. The final text of the Act mainly coincides with the text of the bill presented by the Government in 1997. According to the new version of Art. 189 (1) (b) of the Spanish Criminal Code, the production, sale, distribution and exhibition of pornographic material in which children have participated shall be punished with one to three years' imprisonment, even if the material has been taken from abroad or if its origin is unknown. The possession of materials of this...