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The Romanian Law on audio-visual of 20 May 1992 (No 48/1992) gives authority to the National Audio-visual Council (NAC), to formulate binding rules that implement certain provisions of the Act, for example, in the field of advertising. On 30 January 1997, the NAC issued a Decision concerning measures for the protection of mionors. This Decision prohibits televised broadcasting of programmes which may affect the physical, moral or mental development of minors due to their vicious or extremely violent nature (Art. 1). The same decision restricts the broadcasting of erotic, pornographic or extremely...

In its decision of May 20, 1996 (Case No. B 1442/95), the Göta Appeal Court ( Göta hovraett ) in Jönköping, Sweden, ruled on inter alia the interpretation of the term "child" ( barn ), "sexual violence or coercion" ( sexuellt vaeld eller tvaeng ) and "circulation" ( spridning ) in the context of the child pornography offence ( barnpornografibrott ) and the offence of unlawful depiction of violence ( olaga vaeldsskildring ), laid down in Chapter 16, 10a and 10b, respectively, of the Swedish Penal Code (BrB). The Court's decision was not appealed to the Swedish Supreme Court ( Högsta domstolen )....

On 19 December 1996, the U.S. audio-visual industry announced plans to rate television programmes according to six categories. The action came as a result of the "V-chip" requirement in the Telecommunications Act of 1996 ("Act") which essentially provided the audio-visual industry with a choice between adopting their own standards or having the Federal Communications Commission ("Commission") form a committee to do so. Not surprisingly, the industry chose self-regulation. The six categories developed by the industry are: (i) TV-Y (suitable for all children); (ii) TV-Y7 (suitable for children seven...

The Dutch Media Authority ( Commissariaat voor de Media ) has published new guidelines on the subject of television and youth ( Beleidslijn televisie en jeugd ). The guideline in particular clarifies the existing rules on scheduling films for television and gives additional rules on this topic. It also clarifies the supervisory role of the Media Authority. According to article 22 of the EC Directive on `Television without frontiers', Member States have to take appropriate measures against programmes which might be harmful to the youth. The Dutch Media Act doesn't allow the broadcast of films which...

A U.S. federal district court has rejected a request for a preliminary injunction and upheld the constitutionality of section 505 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 ("CDA"), enacted 8 February 1996 ( see IRIS 1996-3: 7-10), as Title V of the comprehensive Telecommunications Act of 1996. The purpose of section 505 of the CDA was to prevent children from viewing sexually explicit adult programming ("adult programming") through "signal bleed", the incomplete scrambling of the video or audio portion of a program. The CDA requires cable operators to either fully scramble both the video and audio...