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On 5 March 2003, the Broadcasting Council of the Republic of Macedonia adopted a Recommendation on the Protection of Minors from Harmful Radio and Television Content. The recommendation's provisions cover issues such as transmission times, presentation of violence, pornography, sexuality and nudity, and the use of explicit language and profanities. Watersheds and warning symbols to be shown before the start of a programme are designed to protect minors. Broadcasters are urged to use the recommendation to develop self-regulatory standards and set up control mechanisms for monitoring the application...

The Statute "On Television and Radio Broadcasting" was adopted in Azerbaijan, thus making the country the 8th Republic of the former Soviet Union to have a separate broadcasting act. The statute is based on principles of freedom of broadcasting in Azerbaijan; inadmissibility of censorship and/or interference by government bodies with the editorial activity of broadcasters; as well as protection of the professional independence of broadcasters. Under the present Statute, no broadcaster may own more than two TV and three radio channels (or programmes). Broadcasting in Azerbaijan shall be carried...

The UK Home Office (the equivalent of a Ministry of the Interior) includes a task force on child protection on the Internet; this is a co-regulatory body including, in addition to as government officials, representatives of opposition parties, child welfare organisations, the Internet industry, the police and others. It was established in 2001 after fears of abuse of the Internet by paedophiles. The task force has published a set of good practice models and guidance for the Internet industry applying to chat services, instant messaging and web-based services. The models and guidance are voluntary...

On 18 December 2002, the Bundesrat (Council of Ministers) submitted to Parliament a Communiqué concerning the complete revision of the Radio- und Fernsehgesetz (Radio and Television Act - RTVG). The key objectives of this document are to guarantee a strong public broadcasting service (required by constitutional law) and, at the same time, to relax the rules for private broadcasters. The new Radio and Television Act makes particular provision for an independent Swiss broadcasting service that serves all the language regions equally and is able to compete with wealthier broadcasters from neighbouring...

At the beginning of 2003, the European Commission published its Fourth Report on the Application of the "Television without Frontiers" Directive. The main part of the Report provides a comprehensive mise au point of the implementation of the Directive and of the central principles enshrined therein. The Annex to the Report sets out the details of the projected work for the review of the Directive, along with the time-frame within which this work is to be carried out. The Report affirms a healthy diagnosis of the development of the television market in Europe for the period 2000-2002. The implementation...