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The new Turkish Law on broadcasting of 20 April 1994 is now also available in English. A constitutional amendment on 8 July 1993 made private broadcasting stations legal and abolished the state monopoly on broadcasting which until then had been enforced in writing in article 133 of the Turkish constitution. The monopoly on broadcasting had until then been held by the state broadcasting station Türkiye Radyo Televisyon kurumu (TRT). Before the new broadcasting legislation had been passed, private broadcasting stations operated more or less as "pirate stations" since no legislation existed to control...

On 31 May 1995, the European Commission put forward a proposal to amend Council Directive 89/552/EEC on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of broadcasting activities. In its comments on the aforementioned amendment the European Radio and Television Union stressed the following points : - a regulatory framework is necessary for the field of application of the directive - the quota of independent productions should not be increased. Measures taken in favour of independent producers should not work...

Since the inception of commercial television in the UK, there has been a voluntary prohibition on the advertising of branded alcoholic spirits - e.g. whisky, vodka and gin. Distillers have promoted certain drinks, such as Drambuie and Cointreau, only as 'after-dinner' drinks. Spirits have been advertised during this period in the cinema, but the rules relating to television advertising and alcohol are more strict, being covered by the EC Television Without Frontiers Directive and the Independent Television Commission's Code of Advertising (Section 39). According to these rules, no television advertisement...

The provisional order ( ordonnance de référé) of the regional court of Bordeaux of 11 March 1995 dismissed the ban on the televised broadcasting of sports events. Shortly afterwards, the television companies rejected the Code of Good Conduct which would have allowed them to broadcast certain sports events that that took place out of France, even if they showed advertising placards for alcoholic drinks. This meant that international sports events would no longer come within the scope of the Evin Law (Loi Evin) of 10 January 1991. The judge laid down that French television companies were simply retransmitting...

In March 1995, the Italian government issued decree n° 83, dated 20 March 1995 (see IRIS 1995-5: 9), providing for equal access to the media during election and referendum campaigns (known under the title " par condicio"). Subsequently, on 29 March 1995, Giuseppe Calderisi, Lorenzo strik Lievers and Elio Vito, the three members of the Italian parliament who initiated the referendums allowed by decisions of the Constitutional Court given in 1995 for trade, council elections and trade union levies, appealed against the Government and the Garantor (Garant) in order to obtain the suspension and subsequent...